Epiktetos

Epiktetos (Epictetus) is a Stoic philosopher who treats philosophy as training in judgment, desire, choice, and responsibility. His teaching survives through conversations preserved by Arrian, where questions test freedom. Epicteti Manuale Et Sententiae presents the handbook tradition associated with the Encheiridion, distilling distinctions argued more fully in the Discourses. The Golden Sayings of Epictetus is a later collection of aphorisms drawn from those works, not a separate book composed in that form by Epictetus. Epicteti Manuale Et Sententiae offers a concise route into the contrast between what depends on us and what does not. The Golden Sayings of Epictetus shows how later readers recast the teaching as memorable counsel. Reading the two beside the conversations reveals that the maxims belong to a practice of examining impressions, revising desires, and accepting responsibility for one's choices.